Self design

This past week various threads have come together that weave into a mouse-mat sized tapestry on one aspect of self-design or re design. During the week a friend sent me the link two TEDx talks by Brene Brown. One is on shame and one is on vulnerability. Brown 'studies human connection – our ability to empathize, belong, love.' In the talks she poses the questions: How do we learn to embrace our vulnerabilities and imperfections so that we can engage in our lives from a place of authenticity and worthiness? How do we cultivate the courage, compassion, and connection that we need to recognize that we are enough – that we are worthy of love, belonging, and joy?' Each talk is 20 minutes and worth the time investment.

Listening to the talks reminded me of a book I read years ago 'Women who run with the wolves'. I felt sure that it had a discussion of shame in it. It does, in fact, it has a whole chapter on shame which echoes much of what Brene Brown talks about, which may be because they are both in the Jungian camp. The author, Clarissa Pinkola Estes, suggests that personal stories associated with shame 'are like black gravel under the skin of the soul', and like Brown says that 'Keeping shame a secret is profoundly disturbing to the pysche', they both suggest that there is good news because there are ways of healing and rethinking (redesigning) oneself.

In Estes words 'choose to open the secret, speak of it to someone, write another ending, examine one's part in it and one's attributes in enduring it. She says that the learnings from this are equal parts pain and wisdom.' Brown talks of the swampland of shame. Her approach is about putting on galoshes and walking through the swampland looking at it and 'finding our way around'. She suggests that three things reinforce shame: secrecy, silence and judgment and, as Estes is, is firm in saying that talking about shame and showing empathy to oneself and others about shame loosens its hold and frees the spirit.
The word 'vulnerability' does not appear in the index of Estes book but themes of loss and vulnerability infuse it. Her language use is simply amazing. She talks of the 'song of the starved soul' and like Brown encourages people to un-numb (her equivalents of) vulnerability and live with the loss of control and wish to predict and simply believe that 'I'm enough'.

The messages from both are that shame and vulnerability become strengths if you confront and work with them. This notion of expressing weakness and showing vulnerability is one that comes up frequently in leadership discussions. One article I read several years ago and debated hotly with colleagues was 'Why Should Anyone be Led by You' by Robert Goffee and Gareth Jones. They too encourage leaders to be courageous enough to reveal their weaknesses, saying:

'When leaders reveal their weaknesses, they show us who they are—warts and all. This may mean admitting that they're irritable on Monday mornings, that they are somewhat disorganized, or even rather shy. Such admissions work because people need to see leaders own up to some flaw before they participate willingly in an endeavor. Exposing a weakness establishes trust and thus helps get folks on board. Indeed, if executives try to communicate that they're perfect at everything, there will be no need for anyone to help them with anything. They won't need followers. They'll signal that they can do it all themselves. … Sharing an imperfection is so effective because it underscores a human being's authenticity.'

What I got from Brown, Estes, and Goffee was the idea that once you come to terms with your shame and vulnerability and decide to confront it you are in the process of learning how to redesign yourself. Greg Smith, the guy who wrote the March 14 NY Times article 'Why I am leaving Goldman Sachs' may well be in that category. He doesn't explicitly use the word 'shame' in his article, but he does say "The firm has veered so far from the place I joined right out of college that I can no longer in good conscience say that I identify with what it stands for" and "It makes me ill how callously people talk about ripping their clients off." In this respect the article implies the shame he now admits, and many of the current 372 comments point out that in making himself vulnerable in the way he did took a great deal of courage. Brown's quote 'Vulnerability is our most accurate measurement of courage' bears thinking about.

As any designer and re-designer knows it does take courage and persistence to get to a workable new design – Brown mentions Myshkin Ingawale who tried 32 times to design an anemia testing kit before it worked, and the Edison story of the 10,000 light bulbs is well known. (I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work). It's the same with organization design, and with self-design. Discuss the shame of a design not working. Expose the vulnerability inherent in even aiming to design. Take courage and walk into the unknown.

Management Fads Again

This past week I've been continuing with researching and writing chapter eight of my forthcoming book. As I said last week, it's on management fads and fashions, and it's been an interesting foray into my prejudices and experiences, the academic theory on the topic, and the popular writing about fads.

At this point I'm pondering all the information and trying to get it into a manageable format that will engage readers. Malcolm Gladwell, author of The Tipping Point, all about 'that magic moment when an idea, trend, or social behavior crosses a threshold, tips, and spreads like wildfire' has the engagement factor down pat. I started to re-read bits of his book, looking for the nuggets that I remembered from my first reading of it. Of course, that rather side-tracked me as I drifted off into remembering my own teenage years consorting with people wearing Hush Puppies (one of the fads he discusses) the first time they were a fashion fad.

There's a lot about management fads that has caused me to think more carefully about them. The term itself 'management fad' is rather dismissive as if something that is by many definitions (and there are lots) transitory, but enthusiastically pursued cannot be of value. Scott Adams in his book The Dilbert Principle: A Cubicle's-Eye View of Bosses, Meetings, Management Fads & Other Workplace Afflictions illustrates the classic managerial response to the next big thing, 'last year it was quality circles . . . this year it will be zero inventories. The truth is, one more panacea and we will all go nuts', and consultants take the rap "Consultants will ultimately recommend that you do whatever you're not doing now. Centralize whatever is decentralized. Flatten whatever is vertical. … And consultants will rarely deal with the root cause of your company's problems, since that's probably the person who hired them.'

Nevertheless the weariness that greets 'another initiative' might be missing the point that fads are also about learning, innovation, progress, and change. Even if they don't yield expected results they do something. I remember in 2009 working for a company and suggesting that we allow engineers to communicate to each other via Twitter. I was firmly put in my place by the manager I was working for who a) had never heard of Twitter and b) said that even if he had it wasn't for them. An analyst commenting on Twitter, also in 2009 said much the same thing:

'Twitter — it's fun and useful finding out what friends, coworkers, and industry big-shots are reading and thinking. … But Twitter is still a fad, and according to a [recent] study, it looks like its popularity may soon fade.'

But three years later 'Twitter has become the pulse of a planet wide news organism, hosting the dialogue about everything from the Arab Spring to celebrity deaths'

Now look at the list below of things that have been described as fads. For those which you haven't adopted in your company ask the following questions:

How would you know whether to invest in it?
What criteria would you judge your potential investment by?
And will you be ok with the outcome if it turns out to be a flash in the pan that doesn't yield the expected results?

For those fads that you have adopted in some form or other answer these questions:

Why were they adopted?
What lifespan do you think they'll have?
How are you reviewing their value and at what intervals?
What evidence do you have that they are achieving what you wanted them to achieve?

Feel free to add to this list (and I'd love to have your additions). And if some of the items on the list are a mystery to you what would you do to find out more about them in order to answer the first set of questions?

  • B corps.
  • Behavioral analytics
  • Big data
  • Biomimicry
  • Clean tech
  • Collaborative work spaces
  • Cradle to cradle
  • Crowdsourcing
  • Design thinking
  • Gamification
  • Green jobs
  • Happiness, positive psychology, emotion as an investment category
  • Neuro (marketing, economics …)
  • No offices/hoteling
  • Outsourcing
  • Post PC era
  • Prediction markets
  • Results only work environment
  • Self-managed teams/erosion of hierarchy/end of leadership
  • Social advertising
  • Social media
  • Sustainability
  • Virtual and remote working

After two weeks of work on the topic of management fads I'm thinking that they are not to be dismissed, but to be examined, thought through, and learned from. The piece I'm tackling now on them is the relationship between the supply and demand side of the fads. Where do they come from? Why? What is the relationship between the seller – usually the maligned consultant, and the buyer – the apparently long suffering manager? Clearly there is some form of collusion there. How long is a fad a fad before becoming either mainstream or dying? Some academics suggest that fads are adopted for a combination of socio-psychological and techno-economic reasons both internal and external to organizations and it seems that the adoption of Twitter for organizational use (a sample of one, I agree) falls into that thinking.

One way of deciding about whether or not to adopt a fad is to consider it as a field experiment. So in the case of determining whether, for example, to adopt Twitter for your organization you could follow the scientific method:

1. Make observations (about Twitter use in the general population and other organizations)
2. Formulate a hypothesis (about how will benefit or work in your organization)
3. Design and conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis – this is the part that is often missed out in organizations. There is no pilot test, just a blanket 'let's adopt this'.
4. Evaluate the results of the experiment – this is another step that is often left out in organizations.
5. Accept or reject the hypothesis
6. If necessary, make and test a new hypothesis.

Thus in the course of the time I've been working on this chapter I've ceased to think that fads are a necessary evil, and am on the verge of thinking they are a necessary good. We can learn from them, progress through them – even if not in the expected way, and ultimately, for the failed ones, laugh at our folly in thinking they would be worth the investment, and for the successful ones congratulate ourselves on our prescience. And remember that adoption of a fad is likely to affect the design of your organization.

Management Fads and Trends

On Sunday, March 11, yesterday, I started to write the final chapter of my new book. It's a great relief to see the index hoving into view after six months of sitting here at my laptop – the post PC era has overtaken me while I've been writing. If the post PC era has also overtaken you for the moment you can listen to Vinod Khosla, a venture capitalist, talking about this in a TechCrunch interview. As soon as I finish the book I'll have to ditch my PC and get whatever the post PC era item is. Or will I be succumbing to a mere fad if I do that?

How do I know whether the post-PC era statements are a fad or a trend? What is the difference? You'll be able to find out when the book is published at the end of the year, because management fads and trends are the topic of Chapter 8 – the one I've spent the last day and a half working on. Well, some of the time I haven't been directly working on it. I've been 'researching' the various management jargon generators seeing if I can come up with a management fad of my own. The generators are great fun and there are lots of them. Just type into your search bar 'management jargon generator' and you'll get a list of them. Then you can spend quite a while feeling amused at things like "This is no time to bite the bullet with our parallel incremental contingencies" or "Our exploratory research points to knowledge-based management alignment," at least I felt amused until I then cast a critical eye over what I had written in the chapter and decided to go and get a cup of tea.

How do I know whether the post-PC era statements are a fad or a trend? What is the difference? You'll be able to find out when the book is published at the end of the year, because management fads and trends are the topic of Chapter 8 – the one I've spent the last day and a half working on. Well, some of the time I haven't been directly working on it. I've been 'researching' the various management jargon generators seeing if I can come up with a management fad of my own. The generators are great fun and there are lots of them. Just type into your search bar 'management jargon generator' and you'll get a list of them. Then you can spend quite a while feeling amused at things like "This is no time to bite the bullet with our parallel incremental contingencies" or "Our exploratory research points to knowledge-based management alignment," at least I felt amused until I then cast a critical eye over what I had written in the chapter and decided to go and get a cup of tea.

So back to the difference between a fad and a trend. According to the American College of Sports Medicine – who publish an annual survey on fitness trends, a trend is 'a general development or change in a situation or in the way that people are behaving', so in a trends survey it would be totally expected to see the same trends appearing for multiple years because the definition includes the phrase 'general development' as opposed to 'a fashion that is taken up with great enthusiasm for a brief period,' which is the definition of a fad.

You may, or may not be glad to hear that as far as fitness trends and fads go 'out of the top 20 were balance training, Pilates, and stability ball (or Swiss Ball). These three potential trends had shown remarkable strength in past years. Pilates was no. 9 on the list as recent as 2010 and appeared also as no. 7 in 2008 and 2009. Although Pilates had all of the characteristics of a trend in the industry, it may now be thought of as a fad (as supported by this current trend analysis)'. But Zumba has made it into the top 20. On this, the lead survey manager said, "While Zumba has experienced a rapid surge in popularity in the past year, future surveys will indicate if Zumba is truly a trend or simply a fad."

Sadly, this type of trend/fad survey does not exist for perplexed managers wondering whether what they are planning to make an investment decision about is a fad or a trend. Who is to know whether brainstorming, corporate social responsibility, customer relationship management, delayering, double-loop learning, empowerment, lean, learning organization, matrix management, outsourcing, process improvement, project management, quality circles, six sigma, succession planning, sustainability, total quality management, vertical integration and/or zero-based budgeting are trends to follow and worth the investment in, or fads to put in the bucket and forget about because they will not achieve what was expected from them?

Mulling this over I went back to re-read the recent Jonah Lehrer article in the New Yorker? It was called 'Groupthink: the brainstorming myth' which I found interesting. The punch line sentence is 'In the sixty years since then [1955], if the studies are right, brainstorming has achieved nothing—or, at least, less than would have been achieved by six decades' worth of brainstormers working quietly on their own,' which suggests three things to me

a) Brainstorming began life as a fad.
b) It became a trend and then mainstream (over the 60 years)
c) It has been superseded by research/experience that suggests other methods of idea generation, innovation and creativity might be more effective

So it may be that it is quite legitimate, and perhaps even sensible, to try what seems to be a fad and learn from it and not worry too much if it isn't a trend. One research article I read mentioned two opposing views of fads quoting a manager who stated: 'last year it was quality circles . . . this year it will be zero inventories. The truth is, one more panacea and we will all go nuts.' This researcher (Byrne 1981) felt that fads were counterproductive. 'Their bewildering array represented a serious distraction from the complex task of running a company'. He likened many modem managers to compulsive dieters, trying the latest craze for a few days, then moving relentlessly on. In contrast another researcher Lee (1971) was positive and congratulated American top management for its willingness to experiment … 'even though many such organisational experiments fail or offer questionable results'. The risks, he admitted, could be quite high. (The full article is called Explaining the Succession of Management Fads, by Andrzej A. Huczynski in The International Journal of Human Resource Management 4:2 May 1993)

So what is a manager to do? Take up the 'flavor of the month'? Or keep his/her head down and ignore the lures of consultants selling the latest seven point plan? If you're a Drucker fan, as I am, his advice is to understand that there are no magic bullets, or simple recipes for success – which is often what a beleaguered manager is looking for. He was of the view that "Thinking is very hard work. And management fashions are a substitute for thinking." What's your view? And if you have any contenders for management fads of 2012 let me know them.

Status armo(u)r

This week the project that I'm working on has taken another turn. People are looking at office layout floor plans and realizing that, it's true, there are not going to be any private offices. Any space that looks like private offices i.e. one person in one room, is going to be shared and the room itself will be available for others to use if the designated occupants are off-site.

Lots of people are getting hot under the collar and wondering how they are going to get their jobs done. There are pleas for special consideration – usually to do with the nature of the work which seems reasonable to consider. The mitigating factors boil down to three: client demands, confidentiality requirements, and security (of documents, etc). However, all of these can be addressed without recourse to a private, single occupant office. Underlying this plea, and what may be driving it, is what is not stated. One reason for a private office that people don't talk about is that of position in the hierarchy. So, unspoken is the comment, 'I've worked n years, clawing my way up the corporate ladder, I'm at the top – or nearly – and I'm entitled to the corner office with the windows.'

Do people have a right to a private office space? Maybe if it is part of the formal employment contract. But that is not the case for most people. Lawyers are one group of professionals who know how to speak out (and defend) their desire for a private office each. An article in the ABA journal, Changing Spaces: Law firms (slowly) respond to egalitarian trends in office design, notes that law firms 'have traditionally allocated private office space to lawyers on the basis of hierarchy: secretaries in open pods, paralegals in cubicles, associates in offices by windows, partners in bigger offices, and senior partners in a large corner office.'

But pushed by various trends: nudges by clients to cut costs, need to attract and retain millennial generation workforce who expect a 'modern' office, collaboration, ubiquity of mobile technologies, and requests to offer flexible work patterns in response to employee demands lawyers are thinking again about their space. Eversheds, a UK law firm, has a new London Headquarters that successfully 'fosters a flexible workplace culture through what could prove to be potentially revolutionary architecture, design and technology.' The architects and designers created a physical workplace that stressed flexibility, openness and more team-oriented approaches to work. (See the full article here).

So even the most conservative of professions is willing to acknowledge that the various drivers pushing office space from traditional to mobile, may work towards not just savings on real estate costs and carbon footprint, but to increased employee health and well-being, enhanced knowledge sharing and collaboration between workforce members, easier involvement of other stakeholders (for example by opening up space for them to use), accelerated innovation, increased organizational flexibility, better attraction and retention of workers, breakdown of down hierarchies, clearer expression of organizational values and brand, and improvement in the efficiency and effectiveness of business operations.

But is this feeling of entitlement to a private office the only factor in play? Looking around the organization I work in I see that both private, single occupancy offices and assigned cubicles are reflections of their owners tastes, experiences, and personality – just like their own homes are. There are pictures, certificates, soft toys, plaques, mottos, plants, books, clothing, electrical appliances, and other things. The oddest artefact I have come across (not in my current organization) was someone who had a small goldfish tank in her cubicle – with water and fish – and every evening when she left she covered it with a crocheted cover that she had made for it.

One colleague calls all this stuff 'status armor'. It is a neutral term, not derogatory. He explains it as displaying the accoutrements of who you are and how you want to be seen in the organization. This whole thing about status armor is a topic discussed as we are trying to work out how important it is for people (it seems it is in our organization), and how to allow for it in an environment where there is shared occupancy, hoteling, and unassigned seating. I got an email about it from someone the other day:

'Quick question: how do you all handle award plaques and personal pictures people like to have at assigned desks? Pictures I figure may not be too big a deal to have people let go – but work project awards are supposed to be morale boosters and reminiscent of great work or team achievement. Will your folks take them home?'

Different organizations have different responses to this question. Some have community walls where people assigned to that 'neighborhood' put up their pictures, although I haven't seen achievement plaques there. Others suggest having a very small number of personal items that can be put away and taken out each morning – photos, etc. Others, like Google, who are not so concerned with reduction in real estate footprint embrace many aspects of open space and collaboration and simultaneously accede to 'the engineers demand [for] stationary offices that they could nest in and decorate like digital magpies.' (See article here).

Making this mental shift from 'my space' to 'our space' is probably akin to moving from a private home to a commune. The desire for a private, single occupancy office, and the questions about how to personalize space are two factors that illustrate that it is much harder for some people than others to make this shift. So it is important that they are helped in this. Backing up this statement, a research article published in Ergonomics in 2010 titled 'Can personal control over the physical environment ease distractions in office workplaces?' concludes 'The results showed that workers' sense of control over physical aspects of their work environment mediated the relationship between perceived distractions and perceived job performance. These results suggest that increasing perceptions of personal control over features of the physical work environment may serve to link work attitudes and work outcomes.'

One organization, Radio Shack, working with this in mind had an interesting approach to moving from traditional to open, collaborative offices that is described in their case study. Basically they invested $400,000 in a model office of the future that they called the Ideas Lab.

'Ultimately, every HQ RadioShack employee spent time in the Ideas Lab, either working, touring, or visiting. Every one of the 70 departments discussed which aspects of the Lab they wanted applied in their own neighborhoods. "Each group was able to get the right things, versus the cookie cutter approach of throwing the same cubes at everyone," The company estimates the Lab facility and processes saved $1.5 million by preventing application and design mistakes.'

Other ideas on how to help employees either discard their status armor or reduce its scale or acknowledge its place with innovative way of handling it (beyond giving into single occupancy assigned space) would be welcome.